Roe v. Wade or Miranda v. Arizona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roe v. Wade or Miranda v. Arizona - Essay Example (Cross & Miller, 165). However, some legal professionals were of the impression that Miranda had been denied his legal rights to remain quiet and to have an attorney during the police interrogation. AUCL helped Miranda to initiate a ‘thirty-six months’ legal battle on the issue and finally, the issue was posted before the Supreme Court. U.S.A. Before and during the Miranda’s case, the accused or the suspect had the constitutional rights to remain silence but the main question was when and how those privileges could be used. Whether the right to remain quiet or silent, which is being guaranteed under the Fifth Amendment’s which bar against self-incrimination be practiced either during the police interrogation at the pretrial stage or only during the trail stage of the case. Were admissions obtained from accused permissible in court if the accused was not reminded of his privilege to remain quiet and other legitimate privileges? (Cross & Miller, 164). These questions were answered in the ‘Miranda v. Arizona1, a milestone judgment by U.S Supreme Court which held that anyone accused of a crime had â€Å"the privilege to remain silent.† Thus, Supreme Court verdict is being referred as ‘Miranda Warning’ that is being applicable every individual who is arrested in U.S.A. Further, Miranda case also unveiled the privileges of the defendant, especially in criminal cases. (Cross & Miller, 164). Fifth Amendment to U.S Constitution offers to safeguard against the self-accusation and a right to have a counsel during police questioning of an accused is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Under the Fifth Amendment, an individual cannot be forced to swear against her or himself or to offer incriminating testimony that can be employed later in a trial. The Sixth Amendment offers the constitutional right to engage a counsel during police questioning. (Cross & Miller, 165). The Miranda Rule demands that an accused or a witness while

Discussion Board Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board Week 3 - Essay Example On the other hand Aristotle has always appeared to me as a proponent of a closed society (Keuth pg, 22). His work is always aimed at maintaining the social order. His philosophy is actually state centered and not people centered. He tells the society to behave in a way that is appropriate for the state. The doctrine of mean is also just an extension of this aim of Aristotle. It really doesn’t do any good for the society except for the fact that it helps to make the members of the society docile. The idea behind this doctrine is that people should try to behave in a manner that is not extreme in nature. For example according to this doctrine, one should not be rash nor he should be coward, but one should be somewhere in the middle of these two extremes thus one should be courageous. This is just an attempt to preserve the status quo of the society and avoid an upheaval of the public. Because of the greatness of benefit Utilitarianism provides to humanity, the principle of Mill is the best moral philosophy. The doctrine of Aristotle is not only state driven but also calls for a submissive and a closed society. That is the reason of its

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay -- Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Drugs Abuse occurs when a drug is taken for unintended purposes and can lead to addiction. Addiction occurs when a person must use the drug to feel and function normally. Addiction occurs in two types, physical and psychological. Physical addiction is caused by the brain, the brain produces fewer chemicals or neurotransmitters to make up for the extra chemicals therefore the brain needs the chemicals from the drug to reach the correct balance and individual becomes out of touch with reality. Psychological addiction is much simpler, the individual simply likes the way a drug makes him/her feel and must have it, therefore becoming addicted. (Lawrence, F. 1996) Addiction has six steps. The first step is occasional use; a person takes his/her first drink or uses other drugs for the first time, and likes the way it feels and the way it reduces stress, the individual then starts using the drug in social settings. Step two is occasional trouble with drugs; a person shows mood swings or personality changes, they may experience blackouts, where they do not remember what was said or done. Step three is regular use of the drug; tolerance therefore increases and use of the drug can not be controlled and the individual denies having a drug problem. Step four is multiple drug use; drugs may be combined or switched for a new and stronger effect, the individual may then become a cross-addict or hooked on more than one drug. Step five is increasing dependency; the individual needs the drug to function and the drug no longer has the same effect. If the individual does not have the drug they will start shaking, feel sick, lose interest in school, family, or work. Step six is total dependency; the individual suffers from a maj... ...e in smokeless tobacco is addictive. Smokeless tobacco causes the production of more saliva and users swallow some without knowing it; this then introduces tar and other chemicals into the digestive and urinary systems. Cancer of the pharynx and esophagus may result. Irritation causes leukoplakia, thickened, white, leathery spots on the inside of the mouth. This can result in cancer of the lip or mouth. Users also get tooth decay, inflammation of the gums, loss of teeth, bad breath, discolored teeth and decreased ability and taste, especially salty and sweet foods. (Lawrence, F. 1996) Drug abuse is a serious issue. Not many people are aware of how serious it is. Drug abuse is so serious because it has physical and psychological affects that are fatal. Because of the fatal results drugs can have on the body people need to educate themselves and never use drugs.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are important with any kind of research. Without them research and their results would be useless. This paper will define the types of reliability and validity as well as give examples of each. Both the data collection methods and the data collection instruments used in human services research will also be given. This paper will also look into why it is important to ensure that data collection methods as well as the instruments are reliable and valid. ReliabilityThere are several kinds of reliability used in research. The first kind is the alternate-form reliability. This kind of reliability consists of the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test. For example, a psychological tests where the questions are changed. The second kind is the internal-consistency reliability. This kind of reliability is the overall degree of relatedness of all items in a test or raters in a judgment study. Internal-consistency is measured between different items on the same test.An example of this would be If a respondent expressed agreement with the statements â€Å"I like to eat frozen chocolate† and â€Å"I’ve enjoyed eating frozen chocolate in the past,† and disagreement with the statement â€Å"I hate frozen chocolate,† this would be indicative of good internal consistency of the test. The third kind is the item-to-item reliability. This kind of reliability is the reliability of any single item on average. An example of this would be the reliability of two items such as a construction worker’s hammers that are identical.The last kind of reliability that I will discuss is the test-retest reliability. This kind of reliability consists of the degree of temporal stability (relatedness) of a measuring instrument or test, or the characteristic it is designed to evaluate, from one administration to another (Rosnow, 2008). Statics. com (n. d). states, â€Å"a group of respondents is t ested for IQ scores: each respondent is tested twice – the two tests are, say, a month apart. Then, the correlation coefficient between two sets of IQ-scores is a reasonable measure of the test-retest reliability of this test. † (Para. ) It is more reliable because the scores are on average between two separate situations. Validity Proving that the results of the research are correct is called validity. Construct validity refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized method. An example of this is an employer using selection methods to measure the degree to which a possible new employee has psychological traits called constructs. This includes verbal ability, intelligence, mechanical ability, and leadership ability. Content validity is the sampling of the relevant material or content that a test intends to measure.An example would be a typing test for a secretary or a test of checkbook balancing for an accountant. Convergent and discriminant validit y is the grounds established for a construct based on the convergence of related tests or behavior (convergent validity) and the distinctiveness of unrelated tests or behavior (discriminant validity). An example of this Trochim (2006), states â€Å"to show the discriminant validity of a Head Start program, we might gather evidence that shows that the program is not similar to other early childhood programs that don’t label themselves as Head Start programs.Or, to show the discriminant validity of a test of arithmetic skills, we might correlate the scores on our test with scores on tests that of verbal ability, where low correlations would be evidence of discriminant validity. † (Para. 10) Criterion validity is the degree to which a test or questionnaire predicts an outcome based on information from other variables. An example would be high school student’s grades predict his or her success in college. External validity is the generalization of an inferred causal relationship over different people, settings, manipulations (or treatments), and research outcomes.An example would be using a sample from a population. Face validity is a property of a test intended to measure something. It is the validity of a test at face value or the degree to which a test or other instrument â€Å"looks as if† it is measuring something relevant. An example would be if you have a test to measure whether students can read at a fifth grade level, and the people you show it to all agree that it looks like a good test of fifth grade reading ability, the face validity of the test is shown. Internal validity is the soundness of statements about whether one variable is the caused of a particular outcome.An example would be manipulating the variable in a scientific experiment. Statistical-conclusion validity is the degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct or ‘reasonable’. An example would be do ing a study on the relationship between socioeconomic status and attitudes about free health care. Based on the data, it may be concluded that persons with lower economic status tend to be more opposed. Conclusion validity is the degree to which the conclusion reached is credible or believable (Rosnow, 2008). Data Collection Methods in Human ServicesData collections methods include experiments, clinical trials observing and recording and events, obtaining relevant data from management information systems, and administering surveys with closed-ended questions. It is important to ensure these data collection methods are both reliable and valid because if unreliable and invalid data is used the results of the research would be false. Data Collection Methods in Managerial Research Case studies reveal the strengths and weaknesses within the agency. Case studies analyze results of information obtained from cases pertaining to the population served.The cases are also evaluated against othe r case studies to see similarities and discrepancies. Case studies give human service agencies detailed information about the individual and population studied. Performance appraisal systems are used by managers to track employees work performance. It is important for these systems to be reliable to objectively and consistently measure the employee’s performance. All employees activities and result should be measured the same. Without reliability employees would not have faith in his or her manager and the appraisal process.Conclusion Reliability and validity enable human service professionals to use true data and obtain legitimate results. Using these types of reliability and validity allows researchers to provide clients and agencies sound, appropriate conclusions. Using data collection methods managers can improve employee performance and services provided to clients. Reliability and validity ensure accurate data is used in human services research. References Rosnow, R. L. (2008) Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer, Retrieved from

Using the Simple Sentence in Writing

For writers and readers alike, the simple sentence is the basic building block of language. As the name suggests, a simple sentence is usually very short, sometimes no more than a subject and verb.   Definition In English grammar, a simple sentence is a  sentence with only one independent clause. Though a simple sentence doesnt contain any  subordinate clauses, it isnt always short. A simple sentence often contains  modifiers. In addition,  subjects,  verbs, and  objects  may be  coordinated. The Four Sentence Structures The simple sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. The other structures are the  compound sentence, the  complex sentence, and the  compound-complex sentence. Simple sentence: I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal at the bookstore.Compound sentence: I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal, but the bookstore was out of maps.Complex sentence:  Because I was planning to visit Tokyo, I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal.Compound-complex sentence:  While Mary waited, I purchased a tour guide and a travel journal at the bookstore, and then the two of us went to dinner.    As you can see from the above examples, a simple sentence—even with a lengthy predicate—is still grammatically less complex than the other types of sentence structures.   Constructing a Simple Sentence At its most basic, the simple sentence contains a subject and a verb: I am running.Kelsey loves potatoes.Mom is a teacher. However, simple sentences also can contain adjectives and adverbs, even a compound subject: He can follow that path and see the waterfall.You and your friends can see the waterfall from the trail.I was wearing my navy linen suit, a crisp white shirt, a red tie, and black loafers. The trick is to look for multiple independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a colon. These are characteristics of a compound sentence. A simple sentence, on the other hand, only has a single subject-verb relationship. Segregating Style Simple sentences sometimes play a role in a literary device known as segregating style, where a writer employs a number of short, balanced sentences in a row for emphasis. Often, complex or compound sentences may be added for variety.   Examples: The house stood alone on a hill. You couldnt miss it. Broken glass hung from every window. Weatherbeaten clapboard hung loose. Weeds filled the yard. It was a sorry sight. The segregating style works best in narrative or descriptive writing when clarity and brevity are required. It is less effective in expository writing when nuance and analysis are required. Kernel Sentence A simple sentence can also function as a  kernel sentence. These declarative sentences contain only one verb, lack descriptives, and are always in the affirmative. Kernel: I opened the doorNonkernel: I did not open the door. Likewise, a simple sentence is not necessarily a single kernel sentence if it contains modifiers: Kernel: The cow is black.Nonkernel: This is a black cow.

How To Specify Length of Time in Spanish

Spanish has several ways of describing how long an event or activity occurs. Although we often us for in English for length or duration of time—such as in I have worked for a year—the typical ways of translating for often dont apply. Which way you use to in using time periods in Spanish depends partly on whether the activity is still in progress, and in some cases on whether youre talking about a long or short time period. Using Llevar With Duration of Time The most common way of describing the length of time of an activity in progress is using the verb llevar. Note the use of the present tense in these examples even though the English uses a present perfect or present perfect progressive verb. El bloguero ya lleva un aà ±o encarcelado. (The blogger has already been incarcerated for a year.)El cantante lleva cinco aà ±os esperando para grabar bachata con el ex Beatle. (The singer has been waiting for five years to record bachata with the former Beatle.)Mi hijo de dos aà ±os lleva un mes con mucosidad y tos. (My 2-year-old son has had a runny nose and cough for a month.)La mujer lleva cinco semanas en huelga de hambre. (The woman has been on a hunger strike for five weeks.)Nuestro paà ­s lleva muchos aà ±os en proceso de deterioro. (Our country has been deteriorating for many years.) Para Has Limited Use in Time Expressions You may be tempted to use the preposition para, usually translated as for, in sentences like the above, but its use is limited to being part of a phrase that acts like an adjective, that is, an adjectival phrase, especially one that refers to how long something lasts or is used. Notice how in these examples para time period follows a noun and gives more information about that noun. Para is not used this way following a verb, thus forming an adverbial phrase, as for can be in English.  ¿Cuà ¡nto dinero se necesita para una semana en Buenos Aires? (How much money is needed for a week in Buenos Aires?Tenemos una dieta completa para una semana. (We have a complete diet for a week.)Los Cavaliers han llegado a un acuerdo para dos aà ±os con el atleta. (The Cavaliers have reached a two-year agreement with the athlete.) Using Hacer for Translating ‘Ago’ The construction hacer time period que can be used much like llevar above, and it often used specifically in translating sentences using ago. The verb following que is in the present tense if the action is continuing to now: Hace tres aà ±os que juega para los Piratas de Campeche. (He has been playing for three years for the Campeche Pirates. He has been playing since three years ago for the Campeche Pirates.)Hace dos horas que estoy sentada en mi cama. (I have been seated on my bed for two hours. I have been seated on my bed since two hours ago.) ¡Hace una semana que no fumo! (I havent smoked for a week!) If the event no longer continues, the verb following que is usually in the preterite: Hace un aà ±o que fui a mi primer concierto. (A year ago I went to my first concert.)Hace un minuto que estuviste triste. (You were sad a minute ago.)Hace pocos meses que Imagine Dragons pasaron por Argentina. (A few months ago Imagine Dragons passed through Argentina.) Using Por With Short Time Periods Just as para has limited use with duration of time, so does por. Por is almost always used with brief periods of time or to suggest that the period of time might be less than expected: In contrast with time phrases using para, phrases using por function as adverbs. La economà ­a està ¡ pasando por un momento de transicià ³n. (The economy is passing through a moment of transition.)Creà ­ por un segundo que me amabas. (For a second I thought you loved me.)Precalienta el plato en un horno microondas por solo un minuto. (Preheat the plate in a microwave oven for just a minute. The phrase por solo un minuto here modifies the meaning of precalienta even though it immediately follows the noun phrase horno microondas.) Key Takeaways Lleva time period is a common way of describing how long an activity has been taking place.Hace time period can be used in sentences where English would use ago.Para has limited use in forming adjectival time phrases, while por has limited use in forming adverbial time phrases.

Disadvantages of Fast Food - 1038 Words

Tanvir Chowdhury English 28 9:35-11:00 Dr. Gill Disadvantages of Fast Foods Time is money. This is the new buzzword in today’s world. People are now spending more time by running after money then spending time on their daily activities. No wonder fast food is on the rise. May people do not realize that fast food is a slow death. It has many disadvantages, as it is unhealthy, expensive and causes many diseases. Even though, fast food is the fastest way to feed our hunger, it is not healthy at all. It is full of saturated and unsaturated fat. Moreover, it is a major source of calories and most of these calories are from fat. Unsaturated fats are good fat. Which means someone can burn this fat†¦show more content†¦Usually all fast food has high amounts of calories, cholesterol, and fat. Because of that, Americans should know about the dangerous unhealthy food. A less commonly known yet still dangerous side effect of eating fast food is liver damage. ABC News explains that eating high-fat foods from fast food restauran ts can overload the liver and eventually lead to liver damage. Eating too much fast food over a period can actually damage the liver as much or more than drinking alcohol. Fast food has a resulted in child obesity. Which is truly a tragedy not only has obesity affected adults and but also children at an alarming rate. The numbers of fast food restaurants targeting child and adolescent customers are found to be clustered around schools. The addicting flavors and affordability of fast food has contributed to encouraging the young gradually to grab a quick lunch a thought. For example, a small hamburger has 200 calories, and a large hamburger has about 500 to 600 calories. If individual put this together is like they are eating 400 to 1,800 calories in one fast food meal. Apart from the many types of fast food offered inside the school cafeteria, the fast food restaurant outlets are multiplying around the school grounds and neighborhood. On the other hand, children are taught to obey t heir parents to do as they are told and parents do not see the risk they are of their actions. They do not realize theShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Fast Food1094 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor corner, what do you see? Fast food. Americans cannot escape fast food restaurants; the smell, the neon signs, the convenience, it haunts over everyone. In â€Å"Fast Food Nation† Eric Schlosser states, â€Å"Fast food is not so commonplace that it has acquired an air of inevitability, as though it were somehow unavoidable, a fact of modern life† (7). The appeal of fast food is evident, busy week night dinners, short lunch breaks, the list is endless; but the disadvantages go far past just that of healthRead MoreDisadvantages Of Fast Food1566 Words   |  7 PagesFast food is taking over many people’s lives living around the world. Many people all over the United States are overweight or obese due to eating so much fast food. Fast food affects peoples physical weight, emot ional and mental health and media influence. There are no advantages to eating fast food, especially at a young age. Fast food is a scary road to turn down as a young kid growing up into an adult. Fast food is pretty much its own simple definition when you think about it, it is literallyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Fast Food1327 Words   |  6 Pages The prevalence of fast food is growing at a rapid pace in more and more countries around the world. The advantages of fast food such as cost, taste, convenience, and fast service makes eating fast food a convenient and cheap source of food for busy individuals. While fast food has its advantages it also has its disadvantages such as high in fat/calories, weight gain, and serious health risks. In this paper, I will discuss the disadvantages of fast food and why they outweigh the advantages whileRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Fast Food1105 Words   |  5 Pages The Disadvantage of Fast Food  Ã‚   Modern life becomes more and more comfortable, but people are busier and busier with their life. Therefore, people do not have time to cook at home. Some people favor to eat fast food or at restaurants; however, not that many people favor to eat at home. Eating at home or eating at fast food restaurants has advantage and disadvantage, so which one is better?   Eating at a restaurant is similar to eating at home in many ways. Although eating out or cooking at home,Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Fast Food2221 Words   |  9 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Fast Foods Food that we eat today has changed more in the past 30 years, than in the past 3,000 years. What is even more astonishing is that these changes have occurred without the public even knowing it or having the chance to debate it. How has this happened? We are now a culture that is very distant from where our food comes from. We are alienated from our food industry. We don’t see how the food is made or what chemicals, food coloring or fillers are added toRead MoreFast Foods And Fast Food904 Words   |  4 PagesFast food, by name itself is the food that consumes comparatively less amount of time to be prepared than the food that we order from the restaurants. They are preheated and precooked which is served to customer in a packaged form or take away. Fast foods are the most common food these days and these restaurants are growing rapidly worldwide. People of all ages love fast food and it is more popular among young people. The important reasons for this business to grow are the busy schedule people haveRead MoreAdvantage Of Fast Food993 Words   |  4 Pages When we think about an advantaged to fast food one of the main reasons that comes to mind is convenience. According to a study done by The National Center for Diseas e and Health Control, it is convenience that has caused a spike in fast food consumption (Hoffman, 2012). Ohio, for example, has one of the most fast food locations per resident in any state. Ohio has more McDonald’s restaurants, 7.1 per 100,000 residents, than any other state and almost twice as many Burger King’s 3.7 locations perRead MoreIs Fast Food Good Or Bad?1100 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages Disadvantages of Fast Food More than 14, 350 McDonald’s restaurants in the United States alone, and over 18, 875 KFC’s worldwide, only goes to reflect the popularity of fast food all over the world. Fast food can be defined as food that is easily and quickly prepared and is sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken out. Such food fits perfectly into the fast-paced life of a modern, working individual. Although nothing appeals more to a hard-working professionalRead MoreAnalyzing Whether Or Not Fast Food Industries1414 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysing whether or not fast food industries are the cause of Australia’s rise in obesity levels â€Æ' Table of Contents List of figures 1 Executive summary 2 Introduction 2 Social issues 2 Ethical issues 3 Environmental issues 3 Economic issues 3 Benefits (for) 4 Disadvantages (against) 4 Recommendations/Conclusion 5 Bibliography 6 List of figures FIGURE 1: WEEKLY SPENDING ON TAKEAWAY MEALS FIGURE 2: WITH OR WITHOUT FRIES FIGURE 3: PERCENTAGES OF FOOD BUDGETS FIGURE 4: FAST FOOD VS RESTAURANTS â€Æ' EXECUTIVERead MoreModern Generation and Fast Food971 Words   |  4 PagesGeneration and Fast Food? Fast food  is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly, first popularized in the 1950s in the United States. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in arestaurant  or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for  take-out/take-away. Fast food restaurants are traditionally separated by their ability to serve food via a drive-through